Refer to the tables below for the most common RTD's in use:

RTD's

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) operate on the principle of changes in electrical resistance of pure metals and are characterized by a linear positive change in resistance with temperature. Typical elements used for RTDs include nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu), but platinum (Pt) is by far the most common because of its wide temperature range, accuracy, and stability.

RTDs are constructed by one of two different manufacturing configurations. Wire-wound RTDs are constructed by winding a thin wire into a coil. A more common configuration is the thin-film element, which consists of a very thin layer of metal laid out on a plastic or ceramic substrate. Thin-film elements are cheaper and more widely available because they can achieve higher nominal resistances with less platinum. To protect the RTD, a metal sheath encloses the RTD element and the lead wires connected to it.

RTDs are popular because of their excellent stability, and exhibit the most linear signal with respect to temperature of any electronic temperature sensor. They are generally more expensive than alternatives, however, because of the careful construction and use of platinum. RTDs are also characterized by a slow response time and low sensitivity; and because they require current excitation, they can be prone to self-heating.

RTDs are commonly categorized by their nominal resistance at 0 °C. Typical nominal resistance values for platinum thin-film RTDs include 100 ? and 1000 ?. The relationship between resistance and temperature is very nearly linear and follows the equation

Where R_T = resistance at temperature T
R₀ = nominal resistance
a, b, and c are constants used to scale the RTD

Figure 1. Resistance-Temperature Curve for a 100 ? Platinum RTD, a = 0.00385

The most common RTD is the platinum thin-film with an a of 0.385%/°C and is specified per DIN EN 60751. The a value depends on the grade of platinum used, and also commonly include 0.3911%/°C and 0.3926%/°C. The a value defines the sensitivity of the metallic element, but is normally used to distinguish between resistance/temperature curves of various RTDs.

Standard	Temperature Coefficient (a)	A	B	C
DIN 43760	0.003850
American	0.003911
ITS-90	0.003926

Thermistors

Thermistors (thermally sensitive resistors) are similar to RTDs in that they are electrical resistors whose resistance changes with temperature. Thermistors are manufactured from metal oxide semiconductor material which is encapsulated in a glass or epoxy bead.

Thermistors have a very high sensitivity, making them extremely responsive to changes in temperature. For example, a 2252 W thermistor has a sensitivity of -100 W/°C at room temperature. In comparison, a 100 W RTD has a sensitivity of 0.4 W/°C. Thermistors also have a low thermal mass that results in fast response times, but are limited by a small temperature range.

Thermistors have either a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) or a positive temperature coefficient (PTC). The first has a resistance which decreases with increasing temperature and the latter exhibits increased resistance with increasing temperature. Figure 2 shows a typical thermistor temperature curve compared to a typical 100 W RTD temperature curve:

Figure 2. Resistance versus Temperature for a Typical Thermistor and RTD

RTD and Thermistor Measurement and Signal Conditioning

Because RTDs and thermistors are resistive devices, you must supply them with an excitation current and then read the voltage across their terminals. If extra heat cannot be dissipated, I²R heating caused by the excitation current can raise the temperature of the sensing element above that of the ambient temperature. Self-heating will actually change the resistance of the RTD or thermistor, causing error in the measurement. The effects of self-heating can be minimized by supplying lower excitation current.

The easiest way to connect an RTD or thermistor to a measurement device is with a 2-wire connection.

Figure 3. Making a 2-Wire RTD/Thermistor Measurement

With this method, the two wires that provide the RTD or thermistor with its excitation current are also used to measure the voltage across the sensor. Because of the low nominal resistance of RTDs, measurement accuracy can be drastically affected by lead wire resistance. For example, lead wires with a resistance of 1 W connected to a 100 W platinum RTD cause a 1% measurement error.

A 3-wire or 4-wire connection method can eliminate the effects of lead wire resistance. The connection places leads on a high impedance path through the measurement device, effectively eliminating error caused by lead wire resistance. It is not necessary to use a 3 or 4-wire connection method for thermistors because they typically have much higher nominal resistance values than RTDs. A diagram of a 4-wire connection is shown below.

Figure 4. Making a 4-Wire RTD Measurement

RTD and thermistor output signals are typically in the millivolt range, making them susceptible to noise. Lowpass filters are commonly used in RTD and thermistor data acquisition systems to effectively eliminate high frequency noise in RTD and thermistor measurements. For instance, lowpass filters are useful for removing the 60 Hz power line noise that is prevalent in most laboratory and plant settings.

Attachments:

File	Description	File size	Last Modified
385_c.pdf	100 ohm Platinum RTD - .00385 coefficient, Degrees Celsius	20 Kb	02/03/09 13:06
385_f.pdf	100 ohm Platinum RTD - .00385 coefficient, Degrees Fahrenheit	30 Kb	02/03/09 13:07
392_c.pdf	100 ohm Platinum RTD - .00392 coefficient, Degrees Celsius	20 Kb	02/03/09 13:07
392_f.pdf	100 ohm Platinum RTD - .00392 coefficient, Degrees Fahrenheit	30 Kb	02/03/09 13:08
427_c.pdf	10 ohm Copper RTD, in degC, 0.00427 coefficient	12 Kb	02/03/09 13:03
427_f.pdf	10 ohm Copper RTD - .00427 coefficient, Degrees Fahrenheit	19 Kb	02/03/09 13:04
518_c.pdf	604 ohm Nickel-Iron RTD - .00518 coefficient, Degrees Celsius	12 Kb	02/03/09 13:10
518_f.pdf	604 ohm Nickel-Iron RTD - .00518 coefficient, Degrees Fahrenheit	19 Kb	02/03/09 13:11
672_c.pdf	120 ohm Nickel RTD - .00672 coefficient, Degrees Celsius	10 Kb	02/03/09 13:08
672_f.pdf	120 ohm Nickel RTD - .00672 coefficient, Degrees Fahrenheit	19 Kb	02/03/09 13:09